Glossary

Advertising

Is the process of making a product or service known to the market and the target audience.

Anchorage

Words that go along with images to give meaning to them in a specific context; includes captions in newspapers and taglines on film posters.

Austerity

Austerity is a set of political-economic policies that aim to reduce government budget deficits through spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both.

Authoritarianism

is a form of government characterised by strong central power and limited political freedoms. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government.

Branding

The process involved in creating a unique name and image for a product or service.

Capitalism

is an economic system. In it the government plays a secondary role. People and companies make most of the decisions, and own most of the property.The means of production are largely or entirely privately owned (by individuals or companies) and operated for profit

Circulation

It is defined as the number of copies which is distributed of a particular print medium like newspaper, magazine, periodicals etc. This is one of the parameters on which a marketer decides to go for advertising in these newspapers, magazines etc

Connotation

the additional meanings that attach to the sign and are socially or culturally developed and accepted.

Colony

a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country.

Consumerism

the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable also : a preoccupation with and an inclination toward the buying of consumer goods

Conglomerate

media group, or media institution is a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks, or the Internet

Denotation

the actual meaning of the sign

Demographic

information is used in media marketing to classify an audience into age, gender, race and other categories. Demographics are broken into bands depending on peoples jobs or status.

Digital convergence

means the ability to view the same multimedia content from different types devices and thanks to the digitization of content (movies, pictures, music, voice, text) and the development of connections methods.

Digitally convergent media

Video games consoles are an excellent example of a digitally convergent device, you can not only play games but access social media, surf the internet, stream films and TV content and upload content into cloud based servers. Cross-media content helps maximise profits and also improve reach to new customers.

Distribution

Digital distribution is the delivery or distribution of digital media content such as audio, video, e-books, video games, and other software.

Dominant group

The classic sociological definition of dominant group is a group with power, privileges, and social status. Another related definition is a social group that controls the value system and rewards in a particular society. The dominant group is often in the majority but not necessarily

Expressionism

a style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express the inner world of emotion rather than external reality.

Exchange

it is a intermediary instrument or system used to facilitate the sale, purchase or trade of goods between parties. For a system to function as a medium of exchange, it must represent a standard of value. In modern economies, the medium of exchange is currency

Globalisation

globalisation is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide

Hard news

Hard news refers to up-to-the-minute news and events that are reported immediately, while soft news is background information or human-interest stories.

Politics, war, economics and crime used to be considered hard news, while arts, entertainment and lifestyles were considered soft news.

Hegemony

Hegemony is a way to describe people or ideas that become—and seek to remain—dominant in society.

The development of the term “hegemony” in media studies follows the work of Antonio Gramsci and Stuart Hall

Horizontal integration

When a media company creates a chain of goods or services across different divisions, often subsidiaries of the same company. Licensing deal A legal contract between two parties, which grants a deal over a brand or product

Ideology

a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Individualism

When you support yourself financially and do not depend on anyone else for your needs, this is an example of individualism. When the government allows citizens to be responsible for their own retirement instead of relying on social security, this is an example of individualism.

Intertextuality

the relationship between texts, especially literary ones. example: He was lying so obviously, you could almost see his nose growing

IPSO/IMPRESS

The Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) is the independent regulator for the newspaper and magazine industry in the UK.

Marketing

Is the process of preparing a product for the marketplace. Advertising is one of several components used in the marketing strategy.

Mass Audience

A very large audience including a large a wide range of people made of different demographics and psychometrics.

Magazine

A magazine is a periodical publication containing a collection of articles targeted at entertaining or informing a particular audience. They share some of their characteristics with newspapers, however magazines are

Usually printed on high quality paper
Usually stapled or bound
Published weekly/monthly/quarterly
attracts a mass audience

Media language

How the media through their forms, codes, conventions and techniques communicate meaning(s).

Media representations how the media portray events, issues, individuals and social groups

Media industries

how the media industries’ processes of production, distribution and circulation affect media forms and platforms

Media audiences

how media forms target, reach and address audiences, how audiences interpret and respond to them and how members of audiences become producers themselves.

Media representations

how the media portray events, issues, individuals and social groups

Media conglomerate

A media group or media institution that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks or the internet. Conglomerates are usually global in size and reach

Middle class

Those individuals engaged in non-manual work, often having higher levels of educational achievement. Classic middle class jobs include everything from doctors and lawyers to clerical workers.

Music video

a music video can be defined as a filmed and edited performance of a recorded song.

Nationalism

identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

New media Marketing

centres on promoting brands and selling products and services through established and emerging online channels, harnessing these elements of new media to engage potential and current customers.

Niche audience

A small select group who have a unique interest.

Patriarchy

a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is reckoned through the male line.

PBS

In the United Kingdom, the term "public service broadcasting" refers to broadcasting intended for public benefit rather than to serve purely commercial interests.

Philanthropy

Philanthropy is roughly the promotion of the welfare of others using money towards causes in the public interest. Political agenda

Postmodernism

a late 20th-century style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism, which represents a departure from modernism and is characterised by the self-conscious use of earlier styles and conventions, a mixing of different artistic styles and media, and a general distrust of theories.

Political agenda

A political agenda is a list of subjects or problems to which government officials as well as individuals outside the government are paying serious attention at any given time. Media coverage has also been linked to the success of the rise of political parties and their ability to get their ideas on the agenda

Populism

refers to a range of political stances that emphasise the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against "the elite". The term developed in the 19th century and has been applied to various politicians, parties, and movements since that time, although has rarely been chosen as a self-description.

Proliferation

rapid increase in the number or amount of something

Proliferation

A rapid and widespread increase in use, in this case of technology.

Print News Audience

An audience can be defined as a group of people or the market that a product or message is aimed at.

Production

The production process refers to the stages (phases) required to complete a media product, from the idea to the final master copy. The process can apply to any type of media production including film, video, television and audio recording. Production: The actual shooting/recording.

Precariat

people whose employment and income are insecure, especially when considered as a class.

Psychrometrics

Psychrometrics is another way of categorising audiences. One way is to use VAL’s typology which consists of Values, Attitudes, Lifestyle or behaviour

Racism

prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior.

Representations

How the media portray events issues, individuals and social groups

SATIRE

the use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticise people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues

Semiotics

is the study of making meaning. It looks at how signs function.

a person's opinion or point of view.

Signifier

another word for the sign itself : the image, word, etc.,

Signified

this refers to the meaning associated with the signifier.

Signification

the representation or conveying of meaning or an exact meaning or sense.

Socio-demographic models

gender, age, level of education, employment status, profession, marital status, total number of persons living in the house and living arrangements.

Soft news

Soft news story tries instead to entertain or advise the reader. You may have come across newspaper or TV stories that promise “news you can use.” Examples might be tips on how to stretch properly before exercising, or what to look for when buying a new computer.

Socialism

a political and economic theory of social organisation which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Social realism

is a term used for work produced by painters, print makers, photographers, writers and filmmakers that aims to draw attention to the real socio-political conditions of the working class as a means to critique the power structures behind these conditions.

Social/Cultural

customs, lifestyles and values that characterise a society or group. Cultural aspects include concepts of beauty, education, language, law and politics, religion, social organisations, technology and material culture, values and attitudes

Stereotype

A stereotype is a mistaken idea or belief many people have about a thing or group that is based upon how they look on the outside, which may be untrue or only partly true. they are a simplified representation of a person, groups of people or a place, through basic or obvious characteristics - which are often exaggerated.

Synergy

The extended impact of sequential media messages delivered by multiple media forms and/ or where audiences are exposed to a sequence of advertising messages from a single source idea.

Target Audience

A specific group of people targeted by the newspaper made of different demographics and psychometrics

Upper class

The elite class that controls the majority of wealth and power in British society.

Vertical integration

When a media company owns different businesses in the same chain of production and distribution. Media synergy Using a single-sourced idea to create multiple selling points and products.

Viewpoint

a position giving a good view OR a person's opinion or point of view

Web 2.0

Web 2.0 is the name used to the describe the second generation of the world wide web, where it moved static HTML pages to a more interactive and dynamic web experience.

Working class

Those individuals engaged in manual work, often having low levels of educational achievement. The classic, traditional working class jobs include heavy labouring and factory based work.

Xenophobia

dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries.